The best-known consequentialist ethical theory is utilitarianism, which says that the wrongness or rightness of an action depends on the amount of overall good or utility that is produced. The site is secure. Do not sell or share my personal information, 1. This structure means that the ends often justify the means when seeking to create a specific result. December 9, 2017. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320316.php. John Stuart Mill, one of the foremost Utilitarian moral theorists, sums up Utilitarianism as follows: "actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness." 80 Any account of Utilitarianism will have two central tenets. As what matters is only the end result, who is acting or how they arrive at the decisions they make is irrelevant. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. Public health ethics only began to gain prominence as a distinct field within bioethics around the year 2000 and its proponents have had the task of defining it as distinct from medical ethics due to the distinct nature of public health (e.g., Childress et al., 2002, p. 170; Dawson, 2011, p. 1; Upshur, 2002, p. 101). Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the There are rewards if you do something good, and there are repercussions if you do something wrong. There are two broad schools of ethical theory: consequentialism and non-consequentialism. Utilitarians claim that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness; wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness and that what is desirable is pleasure and the freedom from pain. The oppressors force is relentless to crush the minority rebellion, and the repressive measures adopted in retaliation is specifically for the purpose of forcing the minority to subjugation under its iron fist and crush the rebellion to render the minority weak in the future. Select Accept to consent or Reject to decline non-essential cookies for this use. Williams example shows that consequentialism disregards the agents own personal commitments and allows for negative responsibility. (Though, most versions of non-consequentialism allow some ethical relevance of consequences). Accessed August 1, 2018. No other adults or swimmers are anywhere to be seen, so without your help the child will drown. Decision-making; ethics of care; interprofessional working; moral dissonance; moral distress; nursepatient relationships; professional ethics; qualitative research; virtue ethics. For example, restricting the movement of unvaccinated individuals into the country reduces the spread of COVID-19. January 9, 2017. https://www.wired.com/2017/01/computers-can-tell-glance-youve-got-genetic-disorders/. Closed loop deep brain stimulation for PTSD, addiction, and disorders of affective facial interpretation: review and discussion of potential biomarkers and stimulation paradigms. Moore 1912, chs. Deontology is a system of ethical analysis, most closely associated with Immanuel Kant, that bases the correctness of one's actions on fulfilling the duties of the actor (Alexander and Moore, 2008).Thus individuals have moral obligations to others and, if they fulfill those obligations, they are acting ethically; if they . Atlas of human malformation syndromes in diverse populations. Parmar DN, Mehta BB. What should he do?Bernard Williams in the book Utilitarianism: For and Against, by J.J.C. We will discuss three common ethical theories and how it handle the case of truth telling in medical practice as an example. (Cf. 2021 Sep 17;18(18):9786. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18189786. The principle of utilitarianism invites us to consider the immediate and the less immediate consequences of our actions. Epub 2014 Sep 24. You can update your choices at any time in your settings. Submit a manuscript for peer review consideration. PART 1 . Disregarding our integrity and alienating ourselves from our values and social ideas is likely to result in a life of unhappiness. Agera y Arcas B, Todorov A, Mitchell M. Do algorithms reveal sexual orientation or just expose our stereotypes? Whilst the drowning child example seems to support the existence of negative responsibility, it differs in that there are no commitments or beliefs preventing us from saving the child. Facial recognition technology (FRT) utilizes software to map a persons facial characteristics and then store the data as a face template.1 Algorithms or machine learning techniques are applied to a database to compare facial images or to find patterns in facial features for verification or authentication purposes.2 FRT is attractive for a variety of health care applications, such as diagnosing genetic disorders, monitoring patients, and providing health indicator information (related to behavior, aging, longevity, or pain experience, for example).3-5, FRT is likely to become a useful tool for diagnosing many medical and genetic conditions.6,7 Machine learning techniques, in which a computer program is trained on a large data set to recognize patterns and generates its own algorithms on the basis of learning,8 have already been used to assist in diagnosing a patient with a rare genetic disorder that had not been identified after years of clinical effort.9 Machine learning can also detect more subtle correlations between facial morphology and genetic disorders than clinicians.4 It is thought that FRT can therefore eventually be used to assist in earlier detection and treatment of genetic disorders,10,11 and computer applications (commonly known as apps) such as Face2Gene have been developed to assist clinicians in diagnosing genetic disorders.12, FRT has other potential health care applications. The .gov means its official. December 13, 2021Ana Langer is professor of the practice of public health and coordinator of the Women and Health Initiative at Harvard T.H. Federal Privacy Protections: Ethical Foundations, Sources of Confusion in Clinical Medicine, and Controversies in Biomedical Research, Mary Anderlik Majumder, JD, PhD and Christi J. Guerrini, JD. Also, in certain situations, consequentialism can lead to decisions that are objectionable, even though the consequences are arguably good. Get the latest inspiration, intelligence, events & more. Understanding different ethical theories can have a number of significant benefits, which have the potential to shape and inform the care of patients, challenge bad practice and lead staff to. A study of nurses' ethical climate perceptions: Compromising in an uncompromising environment. Consequentialism is based on two principles: Whether an act is right or wrong depends only on the results of that act The more good consequences an act produces, the better or more right that act. Katy Baker studied Philosophy at the University of Kent and is now part of the Philosophy Now team. 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By asking us to maximise benefit for the largest number of people (or, for Peter Singer and other preference utilitarians, creatures who have preferences), we set aside our personal biases and self-interest to benefit others. But Jim has to actively kill someone unlike the duck feeder for whom the only bad consequences are that he will get wet and muddy. Consequentialism is an ethical theory that judges whether or not something is right by what its consequences are. If all we are concerned with is getting good outcomes, this can seem to justify harming some people in order to benefit others. Consequentialism entails that we can be held morally responsible for a lack of action, and whilst the case of the drowning child shows that it is possible to be indirectly responsible by not acting, in cases like Jims it involves going further than can be reasonably expected. The most famous form of consequentialist ethics is utilitarianism which was first proposed by Jeremy Bentham and then furthered by John Stuart Mill in the 19th century. PHI 204 - Ethical Issues in Health Care: Consequentialism, Deontology, Physical Education and Health Education Faculty. 1. The lack of respect for the integrity of the individual is raised by Bernard Williams' famous 'Jim and the . Wicklund E. EHR provider touts mHealth access by Apples facial recognition app. Among the most prominent approaches to ethics within philosophy is a highly influential position known as consequentialism. 2016 May;23(3):265-76. doi: 10.1177/0969733014564101. Jordan Belfort (played by Leonardo DiCaprio) in The Wolf of Wall Street is probably the popular idea of the . Changes in the Earth's climate can affect public health, agriculture, water supplies, energy production and use, land use and development, and recreation. Consequentialism Consequentialism is a type of teleological theory -- consequentialist theories suggest that the moral value, the moral rightness or wrongness of an act, is entirely a function of the consequences, or the results of that act. If Jim accepts, then as a special mark of the occasion, the other Indians will be let off. However, since Jim is an honoured visitor from another land, the captain is happy to offer him a guests privilege of killing one of the Indians himself. Findings: P2. Epub 2021 Sep 1. . Virtue ethics: focusing on the moral character, or . Utilitarianism would permit a doctor to allow Patient A to die and for their organs to be used to save the lives of the other five patients. I discuss this possibility briefly, and then set it aside. By saying that Jim should shoot the one Indian the consequentialist fails to take into account the impact that this would have on Jims life. Moral distress was also evident in the literature and findings, with moral dissonance recognised and articulated by more experienced nurses. Medium. The most famous version of this theory is utilitarianism. Wellcome TrustFunded Monographs and Book Chapters. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Accessed July 17, 2018. MeSH You can read the details below. . Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Given the exhaustion of most, if not all, negotiation and compromise within a diplomatic and political framework, the minority have two options: 1) rebellion till death; 2) subjugation till death. 2005 Dec;31(12):739-42. doi: 10.1136/jme.2005.011908. It emphasises four key ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice, which are shared by most ethical theories, and blends these with virtues and practical wisdom. Smart and Bernard Williams, 1973. By signing up you agree to our privacy policy. Ethical principles and concepts in medicine. The most famous version of this theory is utilitarianism. The nature and extent of these effects, and whether they will be harmful or beneficial, will vary regionally and over time. https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/privacy/special-topics/de-identification/index.html. According to consequentialism, the right act is that act which has the best consequences. On the one hand, the use of FRT to monitor the safety of dementia patients could be perceived as having benefits that outweigh the burdens of surveillance. Geriatr Nurs. Chen S, Pan ZX, Zhu HJ, et al. Consequentialism focuses on promoting the best consequences, but what kind of consequences are the best? It is a problem that consequentialism forces us to take an impersonal, objective view of situations and override some of our most cherished beliefs because of its requirement that we focus exclusively on the final result. The strong point of consequentialism is that it provides a clear and easy-to-understand guideline. For instance, most people would agree that lying is wrong. 2021 Jul-Aug;42(4):787-791. doi: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2021.04.020. According to this theory, it would be unethical for you to speed on an empty street at two oclock in the morning. Free access to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more. Consequentialism's definition merely. 2016;2016(5):2-3. Four major themes emerged: 'best for the patient', 'accountability', 'collaboration and conflict' and 'concern for others'. National Library of Medicine Deontological Ethics. January 12, 2016. https://medcitynews.com/2016/01/aicure-fundraise/. Accessed January 13, 2018. In this particular case, a foreign power decides to hear the cries of the oppressed and begins to lend its diplomatic and political support to make a moral claim for whatever sort of intervention to resolve the conflict. consequentialism, In ethics, the doctrine that actions should be judged right or wrong on the basis of their consequences. It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. Recognition of the Cornelia de Lange syndrome phenotype with facial dysmorphology novel analysis. Bias. moral judgments are supposed to be a matter of simple consequentialism: you add up how much suffering you think is caused by an action and balance it against the amount of good. Consequentialism Deontology (Biomedical Ethics) Charles Lohman. The legal and ethical concerns that arise from using complex predictive analytics in health care. Borsos Z, Gyori M. Can automated facial expression analysis show differences between autism and typical functioning? such as consequentialism, virtue ethics . And it gives this general guidance on how to live: People should live so as to maximise good consequences. This will take a team effort and true representation of humility and togetherness. Epub 2019 Apr 11. Our Biometric Future: Facial Recognition Technology and the Culture of Surveillance. By continuing to browse the site with cookies enabled in your browser, you consent to the use of cookies in accordance with our privacy policy. government site. Any consequentialist ethical theory has to provide a justification of how we decide which consequences are good or bad. See Page 1. Consequentialism And Abortion. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. A few states, such as Illinois, have regulations that limit uses for which consumer biometric data can be collected.36 The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) governs handling of patients health records and personal health information and includes privacy protections for personally identifiable information. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Copyright 2023 American Medical Association. 2013;118:1-9. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-53501-6.00001-9. National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health. Also, it is advantageous because there is no guesswork; the physician does not have to predictconsequences because while . 2018;12:300. Q: Roe v. Wade may soon be overturned by the Supreme Court, while at the same time other countries are loosening restrictions around abortion rights. In particular, it retains a commitment in many jurisdictions to the Sanctity of Life Doctrine, though this is being shed or modified as assisted dying becomes legalised. Background: Complex and expensive treatment options have increased the frequency and emphasis of ethical decision-making in healthcare. A consequence of consequentialism, however, is that it fails to respect the integrity of the individuals involved. Many forms of consequentialism have been proposed that attempt to deal with the issue of comparing moral value. The oppressor, obviously, retaliates with ever more repressive measures to crush the minority by force. Disclaimer. The SlideShare family just got bigger. How can we perceive and address ethical challenges in public health practice and policy? Consequentialism plays a huge role in this scenario as in both cases results of the decision made can be either positive or negative. 2. On the other, FRT medication adherence monitoring might not be sufficiently effective in improving adherence to outweigh the risk of undermining trust in the patient-physician relationship.42. Hossain MS, Muhammad G. Cloud-assisted framework for health monitoring. consequentialism can give us an account of responsibility. Clinical Informatics News. https://research.nhgri.nih.gov/atlas/. A requirement to uphold the confidentiality of information shared in the physician-patient relationship is a central tenet of medical professionalism that, while at risk and undermined in various ways in modern medicine [1], has been consistently endorsed from the time of Hippocrates. But it's more than just one rival among many, for every plausible moral theory must concede that the goodness of an act's consequences is something that matters even if it's not the only thing that matters. To demonstrate this I will use an adapted version of John Harris Survival Lottery thought experiment (this thought experiment is a theoretical example used to highlight the objection and is not to be taken literally): Let us imagine we have five patients who require organ transplants. The same could be said for Jim who by doing nothing is responsible for the lives of the twenty Indians. This is not the greatest amount of happiness for the moral agent but the greatest amount of happiness overall - this is known as the greatest happiness principle. Applications of facial recognition technology (FRT) in health care settings have been developed to identify and monitor patients as well as to diagnose genetic, medical, and behavioral conditions. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. Broader influence of FRT. Sooner or later, after all diplomatic and political channels are exhausted to reach a solution, they begin to take up arms against the oppressor. The theory is also impartial. Philosophy , Volume 56 , Issue 218 , October 1981 , pp. MIT Technology Review. Key considerations included nursing's moral ontology, the nurse-patient relationship, potential impact on the profession, ethical principles and theories, moral culpability for acts versus omissions, the role of intention and the nature of the society in which euthanasia would be enacted. 2017;242:797-804. Designer Babies: Where Should We Draw the Line? Knight W. Theres a big problem with AI: even its creators cant explain how it works. Keywords: Accessed July 17, 2018. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. 1-2.) 2000 Mar;2(1):29-41. Chan School of Public Health. Keeping to those rules ensures that. 8600 Rockville Pike Equality is certainly one of the key principles behind Utilitarian philosophy. Undark. Some consequentialists even argue that alienation is necessary for social progress. For instance, most people would agree that lying is wrong. He believed it was too difficult for a society to run if it had to consider the specific costs/benefits of every single action. Being such a controversial topic some might argue that abortion should be considered murder, while others simply see it as a way to get rid of a problem. Before Balthazar P, Harri P, Prater A, Safdar NM. The word deontology derives from the Greek words for duty ( deon) and science (or study) of ( logos ). Epub 2015 Jan 6. Accessed March 12, 2018. For the consequentialist it is obvious that the right choice for Jim would be to kill one Indian in order to save the lives of the other nineteen. We will close by outlining the areas where consequentialism is at odds with current medical law and how medical law should evolve according to consequentialism. Taking an impersonal standpoint leads to alienation; this is the state of someone who has become separated from their commitments to themselves and others. We should note that Consequentialism is based on two principles: Whether an act is right or wrong depends only on the results of that act. October 6, 2017. http://www.clinicalinformaticsnews.com/2017/10/06/3d-facial-recognition-gives-healthcare-data-a-new-look.aspx. By looking at the two ethical strands side-by-side we can quickly see that Deontology is distinctly focused on the individual, whereas Utilitarianism places importance on . The Survival Lottery thought experiment highlights that there are actions which we consider morally right or wrong regardless of the amount of happiness or welfare produced. John Stuart Mill, a student of Benthams, disagreed. Consequentialism is a type of normative ethical theory which states that the moral quality of an action is completely determined by its consequences, and nothing else. If Jim refuses to kill anyone then he is therefore responsible for the deaths of the others. The author(s) had no conflicts of interest to disclose. But as previously stated, war and the strife and chaos that comes with it are undesirable; however, in this particular circumstance something that may be bad as war can be said to be a for a good cause. Instead, it is being driven by patients, who are increasingly turning into consumers. Machine learning and the profession of medicine. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Utilitarianism in this instance appears to give the morally incorrect answer. Accessibility It is not unreasonable to say that in this example you should pause your duck feeding and jump in to save the child. Now we will look at an example of how utilitarianism may be used in a medical context. (b). But if telling a lie would help save a person's life, consequentialism says it's the right thing to do. Conclusion: The simplest form of consequentialism is classical (or hedonistic) utilitarianism, which asserts that an action is right or wrong according to whether it maximizes the net balance of pleasure over pain in the universe. The viewpoints expressed in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the AMA. Cohen IG, Amarasingham R, Shah A, Xie B, Lo B. Mazura JC, Juluru K, Chen JJ, Morgan TA, John M, Siegel EL. Examining hospital staff members' preferences for allocating a ventilator to a COVID-19 patient with and without Alzheimer's disease. Should Electronic Health Record-Derived Social and Behavioral Data Be Used in Precision Medicine Research? Something is then considered "wrong" if it creates the opposite reaction. A novel approach to the detection of acromegaly: accuracy of diagnosis by automatic face classification. In other words, the morally right action is the one that produces the greatest amount of happiness or welfare. One of the consequences of a breach of confidentiality could be that the patient will lose trust in Development of a computer-aided tool for the pattern recognition of facial features in diagnosing Turner syndrome: comparison of diagnostic accuracy with clinical workers. The issue here is that the advantages cannot balance out the likelihood of harm that would exist at the end of the day. We've updated our privacy policy. 14,15 Another major area for FRT applications in health care is patient identification and monitoring, such . Int J Environ Res Public Health. The happiness of the individual is overridden by the happiness of the masses. These can be thought of as rules or duties that we have to ourselves and to others regardless of their consequences. 124). Face recognition methods and applications. health. Background: Computer-based recognition of dysmorphic faces. Deontology: sticking to your obligations and duties, so focusing on intentions rather than the outcomes of actions.