Relief Rainfall. chemistry past paper Clouds form and produce rain. Zambia is divided into three agro-ecological zones with distinct mean annual rainfall, ranging from 600mm to 1200mm. Relief. This causes air to cool and moisture in the air to condense into rainfall. This page was last edited on 6 September 2022, at 20:10. The process starts when the sun heats the ground. i) The rainfall is heavy and falls throughout the year, averaging about 2 000 mm. WFP Zambia Country Brief, January 2021 Format Situation Report Source. Case study 7: Exploring daily rainfall data to investigate evidence of climate change in southern Zambia and its implication for farmers in the area Parin Kurjia, Durton Nanja b, Roger Sternc a Head, Biometry Unit, Department of Crop Science, University of Overview; Climate Data. This type of rainfall is called orographic rainfall or relief rainfall. A total of 98 deaths occurred during October 4, 2017-May 12, 2018, in Lusaka; 40 (41%) deaths were reported by cholera treatment centers (CTCs), and 58 (59%) deaths occurred in the community. Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests biome, Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome, Southern Rift montane forest-grassland mosaic, Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests, Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands. necta biology This rain flows into rivers and streams and these rivers and streams bring the water back to the sea where the cycle begins again. What are the differences in global calorie intake and food supply? Safaris, Madagascar What is the impact of humans on the Taiga? Elsewhere, plants and animals are adapted to the long dry season. Rainfall in Lusaka amounts to 850 mm (33.5 in) per year, with a maximum from December to February, when about 200 mm (8 in) of rain fall per month, while from May to October, it almost never rains. Most of South Africa is a summer rainfall area, November to March, while the Western Cape Province receives most of its rain during winter, May to August. Leguminous tree species dominate, which are deciduous, losing leaves in the dry season and producing a flush of new leaves, often reddish, just before the onset of the rains. Too much rain when the maize crop is flowering or late in the season when it should be drying off prior to harvest, can be very damaging and promotes rotting of stored grain. The country does not suffer tornadoes or cyclones of widespread destructive force. The rains are brought by the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and are characterised by thunderstorms, occasionally severe, with much lightning and sometimes hail. The main sites are: The Mopane tree Colophospermum mopane is also a legume and grows in hotter locations than the miombo species, and so Mopane woodlands, covering about 15% of the country, replace southern miombo woodlands at lower elevations in valleys in the south of the country, principally: This ecoregion, covering about 5% of Zambia in the south-west, is dominated by Baikiaea plurijuga, Zambian teak. Make decisions like a pro by using our 79,846 reviews and 216 destination guides. Moisture-laden wind blows in from the sea. Rainfall amount is the most important determinant of the type and distribution of ecoregions. Safaris & Tours, Botswana As a result, rainfall totals of over 1,600 mm per year occur in the west of the UK. Convection makes the air rise and cool. What is the impact of humans on the temperate deciduous woodland? This indicates that groundwater in Zambia usually has very low concentrations of dissolved constituents (total dissolved solids concentrations are typically less than 200 mg/l). Copy. The highest rainfall is in the north, especially the north-west and the north-east, decreasing towards the south; the driest areas are in the far south west and the Luangwa River and middle Zambezi River valleys, parts of which are considered semi-arid. What are the different types of weathering? Last year, the district recorded a 98 per cent reduction in maize production, compared to 2018 and the five-year average. Prior to the current 2005/06 season, the ZMD predicted normal to above normal rainfall for most parts of Zambia. conserves both inter-specific and intra-specific diversity of crop species . Hence, the need of the country to always have enough maize in stock. In winter, there is much less rainfall in Ndola than in summer. Climate information for Zambia including average temperature, rain and snowfall totals. moves southward with the apparent movement of the sun in the southern summer and brings rain to the greater part of Zambia. At that time many camps in Kafue, Lower Zambezi and the more remote parks shut down. The Indian Savanna is characterized by the highest temperature (being 45C- 48C in May and June) and lowest temperature (being 5C or even less during the month of January . Relief rain. POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT The air will expand and rise and then cool and However, parts of Muchinga and Northern provinces as well as Mansa, Ndola, Kabompo, Senanga, Livingstone and surrounding areas are likely to receive normal to below normal rainfall. Relief (or Orographic) rainfall occurs in areas with mountains and/or complex terrains. The result has This saturated cloud with water vapor begins to The views are spectacular from both the Zambian and Zimbabwean sides of the falls, and it is now a great time to book a helicopter flight over the falls. Succulent plants are also widespread, especially in rocky areas. Prevailing winds in the dry season are generally moderate but occasionally more severe and may bring cool dust-laden air from distant arid regions. What is the site and situation of a settlement? Much of the economic, cultural and social life of the country is dominated by the onset and end of the rainy season, and the amount of rain it brings. Convection makes the air rise and cool. as the area had been experiencing a drought before the floods began. Highland areas to the west receive the most annual rainfall compared to the low-lying areas in the east. Dambos are fewer. The north-south highland barrier is interrupted by a major gap, the Turkana gap, between the Ethiopian and the Kenya Highlands (Figure 1). Please select which cookies you would like to keep switched on. condense into a cloud and then rains. How have animals adapted to the rainforest environment? Elsewhere, from Zambia across Malawi, Zimbabwe and central Mozambique, above average rainfall has favoured conditions suitable for planning and early crop Because the wind meets a high mountain, it is forced to rise upwards. It Part of the industrial area flooded. Rainfall is the amount of water falling in rain, snow, etc., within a given time and area, usually expressed as a hypothetical depth of coverage. The best is that Maphill enables you to look at the same country from many different angles. This refers to the landscape position and the slopes it has. On the plateau (covering about 80% of the country) temperature ranges, depending on location are: Most of the country is frost-free but in some years ground frost occurs. How is urban planning improving the quality of life for the urban poor in Rio de Janeiro? How can the impacts of climate change be managed? So far, any impact that climate change may have had generally on regional rainfall cannot be distinguished from natural variations. Most of Zambia forms part of the high plateau of this part of Africa (3,000 to 5,000 feet [900 to 1,500 metres] above sea level).Major relief features occur where river valleys and rifted troughs, some lake-filled, dissect its surface. Why are deserts located along the tropics? Relief(or Orographic) rainfall occurs in areas with mountains Zambia - Zambia - Climate: Although Zambia lies within the tropics, its climate is modified by the altitude of the country and is generally favourable to human settlement and comfort. How has the growth of Lagos caused inequality? How has hot desert vegetation adapted to the climate? In the Kppen climate classification, most of the country is classified as humid subtropical or tropical wet and dry, with small patches of semi-arid steppe climate in the south-west. ZATP is a "private sector led" initiative to help emerging commercial farmers and Micro-, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSME) become competitive by improving their access to . Zambia is expected to experience heavy rains in the coming days, with potential for flash floods in Mufumbwe, Kasempa, Kabwe, Lusaka, Siavonga, Gwembe and Chipata districts. . What are the environmental impacts of economic development in Nigeria? The deciduous trees usually produce fresh green or reddish leaves just before the rainy season. It lies on plateau above 2000 m elevation, with grassland and shrubland dominating. Zambia covers a total area of 752,612 km2 including borders, and lies between 8 and 18 south latitudes and longitudes 22 and 34 east. 6 2.1 Climate of Zambia . Southern areas of Madagascar are facing a very poor early stage of the season, with potential impacts persisting from the significant drought of the previous growing season of 2019-2020. Sustainable development in the desert The Great Green Wall. Around 70% of the Zambian thicket has been lost to land clearing and at the present rate the rest will vanish within 20 years. Together with their associated rivers, the WWF categorises these freshwater ecoregions in Zambia: Zambezi Basin made up of (not shown on the map): On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The Southern and Eastern areas have most of the highest areas of the continent (900-1200m). In geography, a location's relief is the difference between its highest and lowest elevations. What are the air masses that affect the UK? If this process continues then rain will fall. Prevailing winds in the dry season are generally moderate, but occasionally more severe and may bring cool dust-laden air from distant arid regions. Acid rain - characterized as containing harmful levels of sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxide; acid rain is damaging and potentially deadly to the earth's fragile ecosystems; acidity is measured using the pH scale where 7 is neutral, values greater than 7 are considered alkaline, and values below 5.6 are considered acid precipitation; note - a pH of 2.4 (the acidity of vinegar) has Like most of Southern Africa, Zambia also has rich biodiversity that is conserved in its many protected areas. The vegetation is adapted to it, particularly the grasses, and at that time of the year deciduous trees have lost most of their leaves and so usually do not suffer extensive damage. What are the social and economic opportunities associated with the growth of Rio? Stage 2. Sustainable development in the Temperate Deciduous Woodland. This low-pressure zone mostly lies over the Democratic Republic of . Grasslands both flooded and non-flooded also occur there . Flash floods after unusually heavy rain cause damage when they occur in places that do not experience annual floods. Philip has traveled through Zambia several times and is the author of more than 20 guidebooks to various African destinations. Gwembe and Siavonga districts in the south are amongst the hardest-hit by the recent rains, while Mambwe and Lumezi districts in the east, as well as the countrys capital, Lusaka, faced flash floods earlier in January. Waterspouts can be seen over lakes. Here are some average weather facts we collected from our historical climate data: During the month of February, March, April, May, June, July and August you are most likely to experience good weather with pleasant average temperatures that fall between 20 degrees Celsius (68F) and 25 degrees Celsius (77F). necta csee past paper Economic activities in glaciated upland areas, Glaciation Photo gallery Goat Fell, Isle of Arran. It rains mostly on the windward slopes. The most extensive ecoregion covering about 50% of the country, characterised by Miombo trees (Brachystegia sp. In some years, it moves south of Zambia, leading to a "little dry season" in the north of the country for three or four weeks in December. Annual maize production in Zambia was on average 1.1 Mt in the period 2000 to 2010, and average yields of about 1.5 t/ha that have not significantly changed over the past 20 years. A historical map of the ancient Sumerian Empire would have a date range of between 5,000 B.C. Private tourLuxuryLodge & Tented Camp, You Visit: Lusaka (Start), South Luangwa NP, Lower Zambezi NP, Victoria Falls, Lusaka (End), 3.843 A two-dimensional relief map displays the topography of a given area. During the rainy season months of November to April or May some days may be humid, but daily maximum temperatures are usually a little lower than in the hot dry season. Convectional Rainfall. Lusaka - Average precipitation. The flooding has destroyed crops, including maize, especially in Munyumbwe area in Gwembe District, according to the Governments Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit (DMMU). [5][citation needed]. Development, population change and the demographic transition model, Strategies for reducing the development gap, How can the growth of tourism reduce the development gap? j) The highest rainfall is recorded soon after the overhead sun in the months of April and October. This is a type of rainfall that occur when warmer air is forced to rise over cold air. This page was last edited on 29 January 2023, at 04:55. You can expect rain for roughly half of the month of November in Zambia. slope and dry conditions on the downwind slope. It moves southwards in the second half of the year, and northwards in the first half of the year. Most rivers, lakes and swamps are permanent, except in the hotter, drier south. Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Quick NetOne, Telecel, Africom, And Econet Airtime Recharge, Advantages and Disadvantages of wood as a source of energy, Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydroelectricity, Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar energy, Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear power as a source of energy, Advantages and Disadvantages of Natural gas as a source of energy. Q Explain why Sialkot has over 250 mm of rain in July and August? Most of the rain occurs on the East side of the slope. The main sites are: This biome covers an area of only about 100km on the northern border with Malawi, being an extension of a much larger area in Malawi and Tanzania, and so is frequently not counted as present in Zambia. How is demand for energy changing in the UK? In Southern Africa, countries have recently experienced malaria epidemics following unusual rainfall. As the air rises, it cools, condenses and forms rain. "In the last part of the season, January, February and March, 2021, most parts of Zambia will have a high chance of receiving normal to above normal rainfall. Second, the near bisection of the continent by the Equator results in a largely symmetrical arrangement of climatic zones on either side. In the UK, prevailing winds from the west lead to air rising over upland areas like the Pennines. Corresponding variations are present in the recharge to a dolomite aquifer. Climate change in Zambia: Impacts and adaptation. The site is self-funded and your support is really appreciated. Why is there a trend towards agribusiness? Hydrol., 59: 173--187. This area is called the rain shadow. World Wildlife Fund: Encyclopedia of Earth. Relief rainfall occurs in all altitudes; Rain occurs on the Windward side and little/no rain on the leeward slope. in effect bring rainfall to the area. Relief: An illustration of the process of soil formation. Zambia experiences good rainfall, with extremes of 500 to 1400mm (most areas fall into the range 700 to ) in a distinct rainy season of four to six months centred on January, when the moist intertropical convergence zone is over the country. The maximum heat is experienced during November, while the maximum rainfall is received during December. The term low relief in geography describes landforms that are Safaris, Zimbabwe Zambia is right in the tropics and gets lots of rain in the Wet season (November to April). Bush fires range across most of the country in the later dry season, escaping from "chitemene cultivation" and caused by villagers burning off crop residue or hunting, as well as by lightning strikes. How does food insecurity affect the environment? In addition, dambos (grasslands which become marshy in the rainy season) are prevalent in most of the country and water is usually available in them from springs or shallow wells. Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Zambia Seasons | Weather in Zambia - VentureCo Worldwide", "Flooding and Climate Change: Everything You Need to Know", "Climate of Zambia - By The Zambian For Zambia", "which specific area in zambia usually has relief rainfall", "Rainfall trends and variation in the Maasai Mara ecosystem and their implications for animal population and biodiversity dynamics", "LUSAKA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT Climate Normals 1961-1990", National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, "Livingstone MET Climate Normals 19611990", "Impacts of climate change on agriculture and household welfare in Zambia: an economy-wide analysis", International Union for Conservation of Nature, Climate Change Gender Action Plan of the Republic of Zambia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Zambia&oldid=1136190768, Articles needing additional references from January 2008, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows). SafariBookings is the largest online marketplace for African safari tours. Tours, Mozambique Flooding in some parts of Lusaka. Annual maize production in Zambia was on average 1.1 Mt in the period 2000 to 2010, and average yields of about 1.5 t/ha that have not significantly changed over the past 20 years. How is urban planning improving the quality of life for the urban poor in Mumbai? Small earth dams are often constructed in dambos as a source of water and as fishponds. History has shown us that the rains are Image by BBC. Frontal Rainfall. and 1,000 B.C. It can occur almost The plan is concerned with both the development of gender-responsive actions in response to climate change and the capacity to implement such plans.[18]. Private tourMid-rangeLodge & Self Catering Accommodation, You Visit: Lusaka (Start), Lower Zambezi NP, South Luangwa NP, Mfuwe (End), 468 Temperatures are higher at lower elevations, such as the Luapula-Mweru and Mweru-Wantipa/Tanganyika valleys in the north, and highest in the lower Luangwa and Zambezi valleys in the south, typically experiencing 40C in October. The rainfall here is around 1131 mm | 44.5 inch per year. Tunisia Case Study. and cools at the higher altitude, producing rain on the upwind Relief rainfall . Easily compare offers from top rated tour operators. When the Sun heats the Earth's surface, the ground heats the air above it. Hydropower, based on dammed surface water reservoirs, is a key part of Zambias energy mix, but poor rainfall (e.g. The best time to visit Zambia is from May to August. Dambos also release groundwater to streams and rivers towards the end of the dry season, keeping them flowing permanently. Climate and specifically rainfall amount is the chief determinant of type and distribution of the ecoregions of Zambia. There are three main types of rainfall which occur very frequently in the world and depend on a variety of factors. When the land warms up, it heats the air above it. Once over the top of the mountain the air will usually drop down the other side, warming as it does so. On average, it rains one in three days in the UK. Except for those living in areas of permanent freshwater, animals are adapted to the long dry season, as seen in migration and breeding patterns. Safaris, DR Congo Around 10% of the country is in this biome and its sole ecoregion. This causes the air to expand and rise. Rainfall is the amount of water falling in rain, snow, etc., within a given time and area, usually expressed as a hypothetical depth of coverage. the average yearly rainfall for Scotland is How have plants adapted to cold environments? You can join us here to take actions to help achieve an end to hunger. Extreme weather in the UK Beast from the East, Extreme Weather in the UK Summer Heatwave 2018. Where do volcanoes and earthquakes happen? How has urbanisation helped Nigeria to develop? LUSAKA, Zambia The roofs on more than 446 schools in Zambia were torn off by heavy rains and winds in the past week as the rainy season commenced, an official told Parliament. In the north, rain only falls from June to September in the range of 500 mm to 750 mm. k) Highland areas along the equator experience modifi ed equatorial climate. Anak Krakatau & Sunda Strait Tsunami Indonesia Case Study 2018. What does scenery formed by erosion look like? One way in which temperature affects the distribution of large mammals is through the distribution of the tsetse fly, which, within its range is found in hotter valleys rather than the higher, cooler plateau. This type of rainfall is common in places with mountains and sea. A warmer climate with more rainfall means more vegetative cover and more animal action. Zambias GDP growth rate by 0.4 percentage points per year, which costs the country US$4.3 billion over a 10-year period. On the leeward side of the mountain it is dry. The leeward side is sometimes known as a rain shadow area. Types of Rainfall. As the air rises it starts to condense and cumulonimbus clouds are formed. Researched evidence suggested that temperature was likely to increase by 1.82oC and rainfall reduce by 0.87 percentage points by 2050. Along the banks of permanent rivers and in the spray of waterfalls are evergreen thickets similar in character to tropical rainforest, relics of a wetter past. 49. The rate of increase is most rapid in the winter, at 0.34C per decade. The average temperatures are between 66F and 87F. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya Zambia has seen an increase in intercropping between the two years, with 7 percent of the surveyed households adopting intercropping between 2012 and 2015, Physical relief maps actually have raised areas that represent different elevations. Thus they produce a Rain shadow area. The . The climate of the capital, Lusaka, is the same as that of the higher areas of central and southern Zambia, including Kafue National Park. At higher altitudes it can get a bit cooler. What challenges have been caused by urban growth in Mumbai? Peshawar is a rain fed area and gets western depression rain in winter and also receives rain from monsoon in summer. This area is known as a rain shadow. What are the causes of deforestation in the Amazon? The main patches are in: Most of Zambia (around 80%) is in this extensive biome. When the land warms up, it heats the air above it. February 12, 2018. The coolest area overall is the high Nyika plateau, in the northeast on the border with Malawi. December, January, February & March - The wettest months, with heavy downpours in the afternoon. chemistry Afternoon temperatures are around 26C/78F and the humidity is high. The significance of food, water and energy, An overview of global inequalities in the supply and consumption of resources, Carbon footprints, food miles and moves towards local sourcing of food. Species susceptible to trypanosomiasis are not found in such valleys. Hibernation through the dry season is practiced by some amphibians and invertebrates. kcse history Grasses and some other herbaceous plants dry up above ground but regenerate quickly with the onset of rains from roots and tubers, etc. Different types of rainfall in the UK. partners) to personalize our advertising campaigns and to allow you to share on social media. proposed in areas not yet severely affected by land degradation and drought. Distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes, Effects of earthquakes and volcanoes on people and the environment, Reducing the impacts of earthquakes and volcanoes, Population and settlement iGCSE Geography, The main causes of a change in population size, A country with a rate of high population growth China, A country which is over-populated Bangladesh, A country which is under-populated Australia, A country with a low rate of population growth or decline Japan. Tours, Kenya None of the country is considered arid or to be desert. The lack of water and thickness of the forest has kept the human population low, and despite some poaching and the absence of protection, the forest is still fairly rich in wildlife. When the Sun heats the Earth's surface, the ground heats the air above it. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The SE Trades are forced to rise by the mountain, cool and condense and rain occurs on the South Eastern slopes or the windward slopes of the mountain. The torrential rainfall and flooding could aggravate the already fragile food insecurity situation in Zambia. Average annual rainfall over Zambia has decreased by an average rate of 1.9mm per month per decade since 1960 primarily due to decreases from December to February. In Barotseland, people move with their livestock, grazing them on the Barotse Floodplain in the dry season and moving to higher ground at the margins during the rainy season. Agriculture, fishery and forestry, which account for 20 per cent of Zambian GDP, shrunk by 2.6 per cent in 2001. More About Us. Zambia Meteorological Department GENERAL SITUATION Generally, much of Zambia is likely to receive Normal to Above Normal rainfall during the 2019/2020 rainfall season. ZIMSEC FREE NOTES. The main impact pathway of climate change in the country is through increasing variability in rainfall amounts during the agricultural season across the various agroecological regions, and shifts in the duration of the rainy season. the rain season ranges from 120 to 150 days.The soils are highly leached and generally acidic, . Protection of cold environments as wilderness areas. Rainfall is the amount of water falling in rain, snow, etc., within a given time and area, usually expressed as a hypothetical depth of coverage. When the land warms up, it heats the air above it. Zambia. Erosion and the washing out of roads and bridges are common.